Pakistan Designates Iran-Backed Shiite Militant Group Zainebiyoun
On Thursday, Islamabad designated the Zainebiyoun Brigade, an Iran-backed Shiite militant group, as a terrorist organization.
On Thursday, Islamabad designated the Zainebiyoun Brigade, an Iran-backed Shiite militant group, as a terrorist organization.
Formed by the IRGC after the Syrian civil war began, the Zainebiyoun Brigade, also known as Liwa Zainebiyoun, mobilized Pakistani Shiite militants who were then sent to fight forces opposed to Syrian ruler Bashar al-Assad, a close ally of Iran and Russia.
The Iranian regime has been an active actor in the Syrian conflict which started in 2013 and has so far claimed the lives of around 500,000 people, at least 60 percent of whom were civilians.
To help maintain Assad’s rule, Iran dispatched its other proxies to Syria as well, including Hezbollah, Iraq’s Nujaba Movement, and also the Fatemiyoun Division, which was composed of Afghan Shiite fighters.
Iranian officials and state media frequently credit former IRGC commander Qassem Soleimani as the man behind launching, training and funding all these militant groups. Soleimani, who served as the Iranian regime’s top military and intelligence operator in the Middle East, was killed in a US drone strike in January 2020 in Iraq’s capital, Baghdad.
Observers contend that Tehran’s attempts to mobilize Shiite militant groups, such as Zainebiyoun, and their active participation in the Syrian war fanned the flames of sectarian violence in the Middle East, provoking Sunni communities to employ a similar strategy in the region.
Pakistan’s decision to designate the Zainebiyoun Brigade threatens to further strain ties between Tehran and Islamabad. The two countries witnessed unprecedented tensions in January when the IRGC attacked positions in Pakistan in what it called an attempt to target terrorists. Pakistan retaliated by attacking locations in southeastern Iran.
Days after the mutual attacks, Pakistan's Counter-Terrorism Department (CTD) announced it arrested a suspect in the 2019 assassination attempt on a top Pakistani cleric, saying the suspect was a "trained terrorist" who belonged to the Zainebiyoun Brigade.
Pakistan’s CTD added that Syed Mohammad Mehdi was arrested in an operation at a bazaar in Karachi, accusing him of targeting clerics in the provincial capital and of working for Iranian intelligence.
The insurgent Sunni Baluch group known as Jaish al-Adl (Army of Justice) has been a source of tension between Iran and its nuclear neighbor, Pakistan, for years, labeled as a terrorist organization by Iran, Pakistan, and the United States.
Iranian officials have on several occasions in the past decade, including in 2019, complained that Islamabad has taken no action against the members of Jaish al-Adl finding refuge in its territory despite Iran's provision of relevant information, including locations of the militants’ hideouts.
A militant group advocating for enhanced rights and improved living conditions for the Baluch ethnic minority, Jaish al-Adl has recently intensified its operations against Iranian security forces in Sistan and Baluchistan, an economically challenged province in southeastern Iran adjacent to Afghanistan and Pakistan and home to a substantial Sunni community.
On Tuesday, six law enforcement officers were killed by Jaish al-Adl militants during an ambush on police vehicles along the Sib and Suran county route. The group also launched simultaneous attacks against military posts in Chabahar and Rask last week, killing 16 police forces.
Khamenei and other clerics, who previously dismissed women opposing mandatory hijab as a small minority influenced by "the enemy," are now framing unveiling as a "challenge" and advocating for stricter enforcement of hijab laws.
During a recent address to government officials, Khamenei claimed to have received "reliable reports" of women being paid to unveil, allegedly by "the enemy," to undermine the hijab. He labeled hijab defiance as "an imposed challenge," suggesting it was orchestrated to weaken societal adherence to hijab.
Furthermore, Khamenei stated that "the enemies" aim to revert women's status to pre-Islamic Revolution times when their behavior, attitude, and presence in society were deemed unacceptable.
In his Eid al-Fitr sermon a week later, Khamenei also addressed defiance against Ramadan restrictions for the first time, signaling a broader concern over challenges to Islamic norms and values.
“This year I received some reports about deliberate disregard of fasting in some public places. The Islamic Republic certainly does not seek to force people to piety, but it has a responsibility regarding religious norms being broken. Authorities and people should not neglect this and those who do amr-e be marouf va nahy az monkar should carry out their duty,” he said.
Amr-e be marouf va nahy az monkar means calling others to enjoin what is good, such as hijab and fasting, and forbid them from doing what is wrong or sinful. Vigilantes often confront others, sometimes even violently, for hijab and fasting by arguing that they are only carrying out their religious duty.
Defiance of hijab, once only noticeable in larger cities such as Tehran, has now spread even to smaller and more conservative cities and towns including the religious city of Qom, the home of the majority of the country’s seminaries.
Defiance of hijab has become a symbol of defying the Islamic government in the perceptions of Iranians. This is perhaps the main reason for the discomfort clerics feel about the phenomenon.
In his Monday lecture to seminarians, the conservative Ayatollah Mohammad-Javad Fazel-Lankarani criticized the “cultural authorities” for “not doing anything in the past forty years [about hijab]” while alluding to the spread of unveiling to Qom. He, too, accused “the enemy” of seeking to restore the circumstances in the society to before the Islamic Revolution when hijab was a personal choice.
“Can’t we even reform the city of Qom? One regrets getting out of the house because of the things one sees,” he asked, referring to women’s manifest defiance of compulsory hijab.
Until a couple of decades ago, even women who covered their hair and wore loose, long tunics were in minority in the very conservative city of Qom where the long black veil called chador was the dominant form of hijab. Many women now only very partially cover their hair, wear heavy makeup and tight-fitting clothes, or even drop their headscarves on their shoulders to much chagrin of clerics and political hardliners of the conservative city.
Qom is Iran's second most important holy city after Mashhad, the country’s second-largest city and home to the shrine of the eight Shia Imam, where the spread of unveiling of women has been even more noticeable.
In his Eid al-Fitr sermon Wednesday, Mashhad’s ultra-hardliner imam, Ahmad Alamolhoda, also referred to the “current challenge over hijab” which he called “a puppet movement” that seeks to destroy Islam.
“The women who unveil and those who do not fully comply with the rules “should be aware that they are collaborating with the enemy who has not only targeted Islam but also the pure land of this country,” he said.