Iran Scholars, Educators, Discuss Characteristics of Generation Z
Experts in Iran concur that Generation Z, men and women born after 2000, were the driving force in recent nationwide protests and the Women, Life, Freedom movement.
Experts in Iran concur that Generation Z, men and women born after 2000, were the driving force in recent nationwide protests and the Women, Life, Freedom movement.
In an April 1 report, Khabar Online website has interviewed 8 social scientists and commentators about Generation Z's role in Iran's new revolution. Mostafa Mehraeen, a sociologist told the website that "This generation has a thorough understanding of life and human beings and wishes to spread peace on earth." Mehraeein further described Generation Z as "a generation that is an expert on philosophy without having studied it."
Referring to views that this generation is cut off from the past, Mehraeein said that various generations are not separate from each other. In fact, we live in the past, present and future at the same time. "We are facing a generation that has been educated by the previous generation," he said.
Demographer Shahla Kazemipour also pointed out that the Generation Z is not a separate entity far from the mainstream society. But they do not need to be in the streets to see embezzlements and financial corruption by officials. They can see everything on social media from behind their computer monitors.
She added, "While the previous generation came from families with up to 7 children, Generation Z comes from smaller families who can spend more on their children's education. At the same time, unlike the previous generation, they have access to communication tools such as the Internet. So, their world is bigger than Tehran or Iran. That is why they are socially more mature than the previous generation.
Mohammad Taghi Fallah, a teacher, said, "Generation Z is looking for its own independent identity. In their world, the individual is an active member of the society and his or her uniqueness is the most eye-catching characteristic element.
Ahmad Bokharaei, a sociologist, said the members of Generation Z were in the forefront of the protests in Iran. They were brave and had very little to lose. Although protesters were from different age groups but Generation Z's presence was more visible.
He warned that if their voice is not heard, the chances are that they will be disillusioned and left with no more motivation. This can even lead them to commit suicide or try drugs.
Another sociologist, Mehdi Ghavamipour, told Khabar Online that although there is a generational gap in most other societies, the characteristics of Iran's ideological society has made the divide between Generation Z and previous generation wider. He added that the conflict between traditions and modernity has made Generation Z's interests, demands and prejudices different from those of other generations.
He added that some scholars see this as a gap between the official culture and the pop culture as well as the impact of the crisis of inefficiency in the government. This new generation, he said, stresses the significance of modern life and ignores or totally rejects traditional concepts. They follow a different lifestyle than the previous generations.
Mohammad Reza Niknejad, a teacher, said the main characteristic of this generation is its bravery and knowledge. They have proven that older individuals are not necessarily more knowledgeable than the youths. In fact, in many families, the elderly have realized this difference and adapted their lifestyle to what their children want.
Iranian sociologist Mostafa Abroshen, on the other hand, says Generation Z is a manifestation of the post-modern approach in the Iranian society. This generation challenges and questions both traditions and modernity. They demand pluralism and oppose unilateralism. They also challenge the traditional society's sanctities. They look down at the kind of obedience that was prevalent in the traditional families.
Nearly all these characteristics have been observed during more than six months of protests in Iran when the new generation challenged the values propagated by Iran's traditional clerics and the regime during the past four decades.
Nargess Malekzadeh, a teacher, observed that "Generation Z was not born during the 2022 protests. They are the children of a silently protesting previous generation that nurtured the new generation."
Syria’s defense ministry announced the attacks without providing much detail, while Western intelligence sources told Reuters the strikes hit a series of air bases in the central region of the country where Iranian forces are based.
Meanwhile, media close to the Revolutionary Guard in Tehran reported that a second officer described as a military adviser, who was wounded in a similar attack on Friday died of his injuries.
"Meqdad Meqdani (Meghdad Meghdani) was wounded during the Zionist attack on Friday dawn and was martyred," Mehr news affiliated with the IRGC said.
On Friday, IRGC announced the death of an officer in one of the earlier Israeli attacks. "The Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps has announced the martyrdom of guardsman Milad Haydari, one of the IRGC's military advisers and officers, in the criminal attack of the Zionist regime on the outskirts of Damascus at dawn today," the media quoted an IRGC statement, which also threatened revenge.
Iran usually does not report the extent of its casualties in Syria and some observers say that acknowledging the deaths of two IRGC personnel can be a sign of Tehran’s plan to retaliate against Israel to avenge the blood of “martyrs.”
Israel, which rarely acknowledges attacks in Syria has not commented so far on this week’s strikes.
Israel launched "an aerial aggression from the direction of northwest Beirut targeting some outposts in Homs city and its countryside at 00:35 a.m.", the Syrian defense ministry said in a statement on state media.
Iran says its officers serve in an advisory role in Syria at the invitation of Damascus. Dozens of Revolutionary Guards members including senior officers have been killed in Syria during the war.
A war monitoring group based in London reported that this was the 9th Israeli attack in 2023. “Explosions were heard and fire broke out in the scientific research area in Khirbat Al-Tain,” the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights (SOHR) said. Positions in Al-Qasir area and Al-Daba’a military airport were also hit, where ambulances rushed amid reports of casualties.
SOHR added that according to “reliable sources” five Revolutionary Guard officers, including a senior commander, were killed in the first Israeli strike in Damascus on Thursday.
Reuters quoted wo Western intelligence sources who requested anonymity due to the sensitivity of the matter said the rocket strikes targeted the T4 air base located west of the ancient city of Palmyra, and al Dabaa airport near al Qusayr city near the Lebanese border, an area with members of the Iranian-backed Hezbollah.
Israel has intensified strikes in the last year on Syrian airports and air bases to disrupt what it says is Iran's use of aerial supply lines to deliver arms to militias.
According to Reuters, Western intelligence sources have said Iran is increasingly using several civilian airports to deliver more arms, taking advantage of heavy air traffic as cargo planes offload relief aid following February's deadly earthquake.
In March Israel targeted the airport in the northern city of Aleppo where Iran said it was delivering aid for earthquake victims, but Israel characterized the flights as military in nature disguised as assistance.
Meanwhile Fars news agency in Tehran, also affiliated with the Revolutionary Guard reported that memorial services in Iran and Syria will be held for the first officer, Milad Haydari.
There has been a torrent of comments by clerics and hardliners in recent days against women who ignore hijab rules, while thousands appear in public without a headscarf. As regime vigilantes are encouraged to stop women and admonish them, another serious conflict is brewing in the country.
A video from the CCTV of a convenience store in Shandiz near the religious city of Mashhad went viral on social media Friday that showed a man dumping a large tub of yogurt after an argument on the head of a ‘hijabless’ woman and her mother, who was wearing a headscarf.
The man, apparently a member of the Revolutionary Guards’ Basij militia, had been carrying out his Islamic duty of “calling to virtue and forbidding wrong”. Local authorities said Saturday the man was arrested for disturbing public peace and insulting the women. Officials said that carrying out the duty of hijab enforcement should remain limited to verbal warnings only.
Both women were also arrested for defying hijab rules and the owner of the business was given a warning for allowing violation of the hijab law on his premises.
Dr Mohsen Borhani, a professor of criminal law at Tehran university, who was recently sacked for criticizing the regime after the execution of four young protesters, argued in a tweet Friday that even according to Islamic Sharia and laws, carrying out the religious duty of calling to virtue and forbidding wrong should never go beyond a verbal warning.
Attacking people and their property or violating their dignity and rights are criminal acts and victims have the right to self-defense according to Article 156 of the Islamic Penal Code of Iran, Borhani, a well-known religious scholar, wrote.
Moderate Muslims, including some clerics, have also been critical of hardliners intimidating women to impose the hijab.
“This was not a tub of yogurt that was thrown on a girl’s head. It was bigotry and a putrid sludge crammed into the head of the yogurt-thrower over the years,” reformist politician and cleric Mohammad Ali Abtahi who served as vice-president under Mohammad Khatami in late 1990s and early 2000s protested in a tweet.
‘Hijabless’ girl in Gonbad-e Kavous, a rather conservative city in northeastern Iran
In July 2022, after weeks of harsher measures on the streets, President Ebrahim Raisi ordered all government entities to strictly implement a “chastity and hijab” law approved by the Supreme Cultural Revolution Council under hardliner Mahmoud Ahmadinejad in 2005. He insisted again today, Saturday, that women should abide by the hijab rules.
“Chastity and hijab are religious matters and all pious Muslims stress on its necessity. Hijab protects the individual and the society from all harms and deviations,” he said, adding that since there is a law, even those who say they do not believe in hijab must abide by the rules. “Women and girls have shown that they abide by the law and will continue to do so.”
In the past four decades women generally demonstrated their opposition to compulsory hijab by making their headscarves smaller and letting their hair cascade on their shoulders from under it or making their tunics tighter and trousers shorter, wearing colorful clothes and putting on make-up.
Authorities referred to these women’s hijab as ‘bad’ or ‘improper’ and called them ‘bad-hijab women’.
It was only in 2018 that some women in Tehran and other larger cities began to wear their headscarves on their shoulders rather than their heads wherever they could. Now many are not even carrying a headscarf in their bag to use if they get into trouble. They are referred to as ‘hijabless’.
Defiance of hijab rules as a form of civil disobedience has hugely grown across the country after the death the 22-year-old Mahsa (Jina) Amini in custody of morality police in mid-September. Many believe that there is no sign ‘hijabless’ women will allow to be bullied again into wearing the hijab.
Masoud Pezeshkian, the representative of Tabriz at the parliament and a member of the medical and healthcare committee, said Saturday that the drug manufacturers in the country cannot import the raw materials to produce medicines due to the elimination of the government’s subsidies.
Parliament approved the government’s decision to scrap an annual $9-14 billion subsidy for essential food and medicines in March 2022, despite warnings of more inflation and hardship. The idea to eliminate the subsidy emerged after hardliner president Ebrahim Raisi assumed office earlier in the year in August, counting on support from conservatives and ultra-conservatives in control of the parliament.
“Medicines will become more expensive this year, and because medicine manufacturers do not have the necessary funds to import the raw material for drug production, they may not be able to produce as much medicine as the population needs, so we will also face a shortage of medicine,” Pezeshkian said.
Criticizing the administration for not providing the necessary funds to import medicine, he added that the inflation was so high in the previous Iranian year that people could not afford to buy medicines anymore. The Central Bank of Iran announced last week that the annual inflation rate stands at 46.5 percent, among the highest in Iran in more than 30 years. Iran’s rial fell to more than 600,000 in late February from 300,000 in late August. Although the national currency bounced back to about 540,000 it is still down about 50 percent compared to six months ago.
His remarks echoed earlier statements by officials such as lawmaker Hosseinali Shahriari, who warned in March that "the financial resources foreseen in the budget bill for the next Iranian (which started March 21) year are not sufficient at all... we will face problems regarding medicines and medical equipment.”
Taghi Naghdali, a member of the parliament's judicial and legal committee, said in September that without allocation of cheap foreign currency to pharmaceutical imports the government's Medicine Assistance Plan is bound to fail. Health Minister Bahram Eynollahi, who always tries to downplay the severity of the situation, had called the plan “a miracle” in its early days but announced in January that the government faces a deficit of about 360 trillion rials (about $7 billion in today’s exchange rate) for supplying the needed medicines. Eynollahi also claimed that drugstores are full of medicines and only a few items are not available.
Mohammad Reza Afkhami, Secretary of Khorasan Razavi Pharmacists Association, warned last year that in addition to medications for special illnesses, some common medications like cold pills, acetaminophen, amoxicillin, distilled water, and syringes are scarce due to the government mismanagement. He added that many of the pharmacies are going bankrupt due to economic problems, noting that pharmacies are not separate from other guilds and are not in a good economic situation.
Homayoun Najafabadi, another member of the parliament's health committee, also said last year that the shortage and high prices of medicines are not limited to certain drugs anymore, and very common medications are also scarce and expensive. The deputy head of the Iranian Pharmaceutical Importers Association, Mojtaba Bourbour, said in January 2022 that the government’s claim of self-sufficiency in production of raw materials for medicine and pharmaceutical products is not true. “About 80 to 90 percent of the needed raw materials are imported from China and India," he said, adding that some medicines are imported from China but sold as made in Iran.
In the previous Iranian year, the medicine crisis intensified as people suffered from multifold price increases while many medicine items were not available in the market at all, pushing people to the black market fed with smuggled medicines.
The Islamic Republic has been claiming that United States sanctions prevent procurement of medicines, while Washington insists that humanitarian aid is exempt from sanctions and in fact, food, health and humanitarian products are not sanctioned. Iran has been importing more than $1.5 billion of medicines a year. Iran imports around 100 million euros of medicines a month just from Europe and also large quantities from China and India.
Considering the incessant bemoaning by the Islamic Republic’s officials about the effect of US sanctions on shortages of medicine in the country, there are speculations that the government is pleased with the psychological effects of the shortages on foreign audiences, wearing down a people already fatigued by months of revolutionary fervor.