INSIGHT - Many Young Iranians Lose Their Fear In Struggle For 'Freedom'
The following feature article is a full re-print from Reuters on protests in Iran.
The following feature article is a full re-print from Reuters on protests in Iran.
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As a child in Iran, Shideh heard her parents warn her older siblings against taking part in anti-government demonstrations because of the bloody crackdown that would follow. But today, with protests raging across Iran, things have changed.
Both Shideh - now a teenager - and her mother say they have joined seven weeks of demonstrations ignited by the death of a 22-year-old woman, Mahsa Amini, in the custody of Iran's morality police.
The protests triggered by Amini's death on Sept. 16 have shown the defiance of many young Iranians in challenging the clerical leadership, overcoming fear that has stifled dissent in the wake of the 1979 Islamic Revolution.
"I have one life and I want to live it freely," said Shideh, 17, who asked that her family name not be used. "We are not scared of being killed. We will eventually change the regime."
Her sentiment was echoed by a dozen young Iranians from across the country interviewed by Reuters by phone. The students, who asked not to be named, said the protests reflect what many young Iranians see as a darkening future for a country ruled by hardliners seeking to tighten rigid social controls.
Iranian officials, who have blamed Amini's death on preexisting medical problems, say the unrest has been fomented by foreign enemies including the United States, and accuse armed separatists of perpetrating violence.
Iran's interior ministry and chief of police's office did not immediately respond to a request for comment for this story.
The authorities have used tried-and-tested means of quelling dissent - from tear gas and bullets to intimidation and arrests - many young demonstrators have remained unbowed.
"Shoot us! We are not afraid anymore," shouted a small group of young women kneeling without their headscarves in front of riot policemen in Tehran last week, in one video shared on social media.
More than two-thirds of Iran's 85 million people are under the age of 30. Even if the latest protests subside, the fearlessness of young Iranians could spell more trouble ahead for the establishment, according to rights activists, analysts and one former moderate official, who spoke to Reuters on condition of anonymity.
The power wielded by Iran's security apparatus still looms large: Shideh and her mother declined to be identified for safety reasons, and also requested their location in Iran not be disclosed.
But for Shideh's mother, the death of Amini - who was arrested for "inappropriate attire" - marked a turning point.
It "changed everything", she said.
Too frightened to oppose Iran's ruling clerics for years, she has joined thousands of women at the forefront of protests that have turned into a revolt against what demonstrators describe as increasing authoritarianism.
"I cried for days for Mahsa. My Shideh could be arrested by the morality police and killed like Mahsa. That thought hit me hard," said her mother, speaking from her home in central Iran.
"As a mother, I feel I should stay on the streets and reclaim Iran for my daughter, for all Iranian girls."
SYMBOL OF GRIEVANCES
Amini's death has become a symbol for many of the manifold grievances in Iranian society, galvanising some protesters to demand the downfall of the Islamic Republic.
As a young woman, her death sparked anger among Iranians who do not want their daughters arrested because of how they dress. As a Kurd, her death touched on long-standing minority grievances in Iran, a mosaic of ethnic and religious groups that say they have long faced discrimination by Tehran.
Experts on Iran say the clerical establishment's staying power has been underpinned since the 1979 revolution by its willingness to use whatever force is necessary to silence dissent.
But "fear has a limit, like repression", said Saied Golkar, an Assistant Professor of political science at the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga.
"There is a turning point when repression and fear don't work anymore: when people realize they have power when they act collectively and when they fear the gloomy future more than the regime," he said.
For the first time, schoolgirls have taken into streets, along with thousands of Iranians from all walks of life, including ethnic minorities.
"It's a revolution to end years of discrimination. We will not remain silent," said Ziba, 15, who has been protesting in Iran's Kurdish region. "We want freedom for all Iranians, from Baluchis to Kurds and Turks."
BREAKING TABOOS
Security forces have fiercely confronted the protesters, killing at least 300 of them - including 45 minors - wounding hundreds and arresting thousands, according to rights groups.
Iranian authorities have denied children were killed during the unrest.
Security forces have raided several schools across the country, detaining schoolgirls, according to videos posted on social media, which Reuters was unable to verify. They fired teargas outside a Tehran school after a clash between staff, students and parents when the principal insisted on checking girls' phones, according to the one of the videos.
Other social media images have shown schoolgirls tearing up pictures of Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei and the late founder of the 1979 Islamic revolution Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, burning their veils and knocking clerics' turbans from their heads in the streets.
Such taboo-breaking moments reflect a widening gap between Iran's clerical leadership and a young population, analysts say. Many young Iranians have long called for the lifting of social restrictions, such as internet censorship and strict dress codes.
The dozen schoolgirls and university students from across Iran interviewed by Reuters - drawn from different ethnic groups and backgrounds - expressed hope the protests could be a turning point.
"They can kill us. They can arrest us. But it is the start of their end," said Farzaneh, 16, in a southern Iranian city. "Maybe today. Maybe next week or next month. But our revolt is irreversible."
However, Sanam Vakil, deputy director at the Royal Institute of International Affairs, said she still expected to see a robust pushback by Iran's security forces, involving "more violence and intimidation and fear".
Iran's most widely feared force, the Revolutionary Guards - a hardline military force used by the state to crush political unrest - have yet to be deployed to quell the protests but its top commander warned demonstrators on Saturday to get off the streets.
"PUSHING FOR CHANGE"
Yet unrest among university students, who played a major role in toppling the U.S.-backed shah in 1979, is far from dying down, with protests persisting at over 130 universities.
With student numbers swelling in Iran's young population, such signs of growing dissent cannot be easily ignored by the authorities, a former moderate official said.
"These protests will end eventually but wounds will remain and rifts will deepen. We should be worried about future protests," he said.
With deepening economic misery, largely because of U.S. sanctions over Tehran's disputed nuclear work, many young people are feeling the pain of galloping inflation and rising joblessness.
Inflation has soared to over 50%, the highest level in decades. Youth unemployment remains high with some 50% of Iranians being pushed below the poverty line, according to reports by Iran's Statistics Center.
By defying state warnings to end protests, students have paid a heavy price. Security forces have raided university campuses, arrested hundreds of students and injured many more, according to witnesses, social media videos and rights groups.
"We're angry over years of repression, over a dark future," said a student at Tehran's Sharif university, where security forces used teargas and pellet guns to disperse students repeatedly. "We want freedom. We want a future."
Ali Fatholla-Nejad, an Iran expert with American University of Beirut, said the clerical rulers were themselves being engulfed by a "revolutionary process" and would likely face more unrest in the future.
"If the current uprising is fully repressed, the next eruption of popular anger may also be a question of time," Fatholla-Nejad said.
In a statement about the ongoing protests, 40 Iranian solicitors on Wednesday said confronting “the illegitimate will [of the government] and its decisions and laws” is the right of the people adding that “at the moment our concern is freedom and judicial justice.”
Iran has been gripped by protests since the death in custody of Mahsa Amini, a 22-year-old Iranian of Kurdish origin who had been arrested on September 13 for allegedly breaching the Islamic dress code and died three days later from severe head trauma. Protests spread fueled by public outrage over a crackdown that led to the deaths of other young men, women, and children. Now in their seventh week, the protests show no sign of ending.
Referring to Supreme Leader’s autocratic ruling system, the Iranian lawyers strongly criticized the “absolute guardianship of a jurist,” stating “the legitimacy of any law depends on public will and consent, and no one has the right to decide for them.”
Absolute Guardianship of a jurist or Velayat-e Faqih is a system of governance that has underpinned the way Iran operates since the country’s 1979 Islamic Revolution. At its most basic, the theory, which is rooted in Shia Islam, justifies the rule of the clergy over the state.
The statement also accused regime military officials of having “positioned themselves as the representatives of the unseen (God)” and with this “delusional” perception has locked up the will of the majority of the people within the establishment’s laws.”
The signatories argued that this usurpation of power is the cause of the street protests noting that the protesters came to “take back the seat of governance from these racist and incompetent rulers.”
Protest slogans in the past weeks were mainly targeted Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei who considers himself the “representative of God on earth.” Angry demonstrators say, “Cruel Khamenei, We Will Bury You!”
Elsewhere in this statement, the lawyers warned that Iranian citizens “have become familiar with the nature of the ruling clerics and will no longer be deceived by their lies and promises, and in different ways they are asking the Mullahs to leave.”
Clerics have been the target of many protests in the recent uprising of Iranians against totalitarian rule. Videos on social media show young people knock turbans off Mullah’s heads and chant, “Clerics Must Get Lost.”
In this statement, the judiciary of the Islamic Republic is described as a “tool to suppress and stabilize autocracy” that has “non-independent and corrupt officials” and as a result “a corrupt network has ruled to shape the country’s destiny.”
On Sunday, the Iranian regime charged six people in Tehran with “waging war,” “corruption on earth,” “assembly and collusion against national security” and “confronting the Islamic Republic” for participating in the protests. “Waging war” and “corruption on earth” are charges that can lead to a death sentence.
The attorneys, who signed this statement considered it their duty to “defend the fundamental rights of the nation against the regime’s abuse and violation” and expressed hope that they would be able to fulfill this responsibility.
Mehrangiz Kar, Arash Ki Khosravi, Mousa Barzin, and Mohammad Moghimiare among the ones who signed this statement.
While the lawyer has previously supported at least some sanctions against Tehran, Ebadi’s intervention comes not only after six weeks of protests in Iran but with the US in recent weeks showing hesitancy toward talks aimed at reviving the JCPOA (Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action). Under a restored JCPOA, Iran would gain access to funds frozen abroad and lifting of US sanctions in return for curbing its nuclear program.
Ebadi was addressing an ‘Arria’ meeting of the United Nations Security Council, an informal gathering sponsored by members of the council or other states to allow informative input from experts or non-state groups. The meeting was sponsored and introduced by US ambassador Linda Thomas-Greenfield and Albanian ambassador Ferit Hoxha to discuss weeks of protests in Iran following the September 16 death of Mahsa Amini after arrest by Tehran ‘morality police.’
Speaking virtually from London, Ebadi said the “demands for justice” by the Amini family had “so far yielded no results.” Ebadi called on “western governments and especially the United States of America to refrain from subscribing [to] any type of agreements that will help the survival of the regime, as the Islamic Republic does not spend the funds for the welfare of the people but on the contrary provides and buys more weapons, which in turn cause more killing in Iran and the region.”
Ebadi, who left Iran in 2009, said the UN should set up an investigation into “recent repressions in Iran,” citing the 2017 precedent of Myanmar, and demanded the withdrawal of ambassadors of the “governments of the free world” from Iran with their representation reduced to charge d’affaires. She called for the removal of Iran from the UN Commission on the Status of Women, and for the establishment of a “democratic and secular government.”
Also addressing the Arria meeting virtually, the US Special Rapporteur on Human Rights in Iran Javaid Rehman highlighted an “absence of accountability” in Iran, arguing that official investigations into Amini’s death had “failed to meet the minimum [standards] required.”Rehman argued Iranian family law, the age of criminal responsibility, and employment practices were all discriminatory, creating a situation of “gender apartheid.”
‘Powder-keg moment’
Rehman called for an international “independent investigative mechanism” to investigate the state’s response to six weeks of protests, in which he said at least 277 people had been killed, including 67 in Sistan-Baluchestan province.
The third speaker, Iran-born Hollywood actress Nazanin Boniadi, who was present in New York, called Amini’s death a “murder” that had been “the powder-keg moment that ignited this most recent uprising.” She said that the slogan ‘Woman, Life, Freedom’ was a “declaration of opposition to a regime…built on being anti-women, pro-martyrdom, and repressive.”
Boniadi disputed the “myth…perpetuated by global pundits…that compulsory hejab is a cultural issue that we shouldn’t interfere with.” She also rejected “another myth, that this regime is reformable,” and argued that presidential and other elections could not “make a difference.” She said that “the potential for the current protests to transform Iran from theocracy to representative government could be a geopolitical game-changer, and the single most important key to bringing about stability in the Middle East.”
US ambassador Thomas-Greenfield, sitting in front of White House Special Envoy Rob Malley, said the US would support an international investigation into human rights in Iran, and had already sanctioned Iran’s ‘morality police.’ Arria meetings, first established in 1992 by Venezuelan Ambassador Diego Arria, have sometimes led to UN Security Council resolutions.